Drainage-chapter -3-Geography 9class

Drainage-chapter -3-Geography 9class

Define the following terms: Drainage, Drainage basin, Water divide, River system.
Ans1.Drainage is the river system of an area.
Drainage Basin:-drainage basin is the area which the river is draining. It is basically the path of a river.
Water Divide:-The point where a river divides and form its distributaries is known as the water divide. Eg: western Ghats in Peninsular India & Ambala.
River System:-A river along with its tributaries is called the river system.
Q2. Name two groups into which Indian rivers are divided?
Ans2.The Himalayan rivers and the peninsular rivers.
Q3. What are perennial and seasonal rivers? give examples.
Ans3.Perennial rivers are the rivers which receive water throughout the year eg. the Himalayan rivers like river Ganga, Indus & Brahmaputra.
seasonal rivers are the rivers which receive water in the monsoon season eg. all peninsular rivers like river Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi etc.
Q4. Write about different Drainage patterns formed by rivers.
.
Ans4.Different drainage patterns formed by rivers are:-
Dendritic Pattern- It is the branch like pattern formed by the rivers. It is generally formed where the river channels follows the slope of the terrain.
Trellis pattern-When a river is joined by its tributaries on approximately right angles forms trellis pattern. It forms where hard & soft rocks exists parallel to each other.
Rectangular Pattern-When a river by joining with its tributaries forms the shape of a rectangle it forms the rectangular pattern.It develops on strongly joined rocky areas.
Radial pattern-when some rivers flows in different directions from a central peak it forms radial pattern.

Q5- Write a short note on river Indus.
Ans- The river Indus is one of the longest river of the world.
-- The Indus plain has a very gentle slope with a total length of 2900km.
--The river rises in Tibet near mansarovar lake.
--It enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. It forms a picturesque gorge in this part.
--The Satluj, The Beas, The Ravi, The Chenab and The Jhelam join together to enter Indus near Mithankot in Pakisatan. The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock.
Indus - water Teaty
--According to the Indus water treaty in 1960, India can use only 20% of the total water carried by Indus river system. This water is used for irrigation in Punjab, Harayana and southern and western parts of Rajasthan.
Q6. Write about Ganga river system.

ANS.River Ganga:
The length of river Ganga is over 2500 km.
1.The headwaters of river Ganga are called “Bhagirathi” and is joined by the river Alaknanada at Devprayag in Uttaranchal
2.. Ganga is fed by Gangotri glacier
3. At Haridwar Ganga emerges on the plains from the mountains.
4.The Ganga is joined by many tributaries from Himalayas, some of them being Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.
The tributaries coming from Peninsular uplands are the Chambal, the Betwa and the Son.
5. The Ganga flows eastwards till Farakka in West Bengal. this is northern most point of ganga delta. the river bifurcates here: Bhagirathi- Hoogly.
6.Ganga flows southwards through the deltaic plains to the Bay of Bengal.
--the mainstream, flows southwards into Bangladesh and is joined by the Brahmaputra. further down stream, it is known as the Meghna. this mighty river,with waters from the Ganga,and the Brahmaputra,flows into Bay of Bengal. the delta formed is called Sunderban delta.
The Brahmputra river.

SOURCE OF RIVER:the brahmputra rises in Tibet east of Mansarowar lake very close to the sources of the Indus and Satluj.
MOUTH OF RIVER: it joins Ganga river in Bangladesh and form a delta called sunderban'........it flows down in Bay of Bengal
DRAINAGE AREA: it flows eastwards to parallel to the Himalayas. on reaching the Namcha Barwa[7757m],it takes a u' turn and enters india in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge .here it is called the Dihang and it is joined by the Dibang, the Lohit and many other tributaries to form the Brahmputra in Assam.
SPECIAL FEATURE:in Tibet the river carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as it is a cold and a dry area. in India it passes through a region of high rainfall.the Brahmaputra has a braided channel .in it entire length in Assam and forms many riverrine islands.
Q7. Write about river systems of Narmada and Tapi
Ans1: THE NARMADA
a) Narmada river rises in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh.
b) It flows into the Arabian sea in the west.
c) It's basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
d) The Narmada creates many beautiful& picturesque locations.
e) All tributaries of the Narmada are very short and most of these join the main stream at right angles.
THE TAPI
a) Tapi rises in the Satpura ranges, in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.
b) It flows into the Arabian sea.
c) Its basin covers parts of MP, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
d) The coastal plains between western ghats & Arabian sea are very narrow, hence, this river is very short.
Q8.Distinguish between the Himalayan and Peninsular river systems

Ans2: THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS
a) Major Himalayan rivers are- the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra.
b) Himalayan rivers gives water throughout the year./ these are perenninal rivers.
c) Ganga is the longest river in Himalayan rivers.
d) These rivers are long and are joined by many large tributaries.
e) E xcept river Indus, other two fall in the Bay of Bengal.
THE PENINSULAR RIVERS
a) Major peninsular rivers are- the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Kaveri, the Godavari in the east & the Narmada and the Tapi on west.
b) Peninsular rivers give water only in rainy season./ these rivers are seasonal.
c) Godavari is the largest river in peninsular rivers.
d) These rivers are comparatively smaller in size.
e) Except Narmada and Tapi all other rivers drain into Bay of Bengal.

Q9.River Godaveri: a note]
Ans1.The Godavari is the largest peninsular river.
--It rises from the slopes of the western ghats in Nasik, Maharashtra.
--It is about 1500km long and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
--Its basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
--Godavari is joined by tributaries such as the Purna, the Wardha, the Pranhita,the Manjra, the Wainganga and the Penganga.
--It is also known as the 'Dakshin Ganga', because it is the largest river in the peninsular region.
Mahanadi:
--The Mahanadi rises in the highlands of Chattisgarh.
--It flows through Orissa and reaches Bay of Bengal.
--It is about 860 km in length.
--Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa.

Q.write about river systems of krishna and kaveri.

Ans.THE KRISHNA BASIN
1.Krishna river rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar.
2.It flows for about 1400km and reaches the Bay of3.Bengal.
3.The Tungabhadra,the Koyana,the Ghatprabha,the
Musi and the Bhima are some of its tributaries.
4.Its drainage basin is shared by Maharasthra Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

THE KAVERI BASIN
1.The Kaveri river rises in the Brahmagri range of the Western
ghats and reaches the Bay of Bengal in south of Tamil Nadu.
2.The total length of river is 760km.
3.Its main tributaries are Amravati,Bhavani,Hemavati and Kabini.
4.Itsdrainage basin includes the parts of Karnataka,Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.
5.It has several water falls in its course of theseSivasamundram deserves mention.
6.The Damoder,the Brahmani, the Baitarni and the Subarnrekha are some small rivers flowingtowards the East

Q10. India has many lakes, mention their names and also wirte about fresh water and salt water lakes.
LAKES-Lakes differ from each other in the size, and other characterstics.
Most lakes are permanent; but some contain water only during the rainy season,
like the lakes in the basins of inland drainage of semi-arid regions. there are some of the lakes which are the result of the action of glaciers and ice sheets, while
the others have been formed by wind, river action, and human activities.
Examples of some lakes- Dal lake,Chilika lake,Sambhar lake,Wular lake,Nainital etc.
Q11. Write about the importance of lakes to human beings.
Importance-.Lakes are of great value to human beings.
1. A lake helps to regulate the flow of a river.
2.During heavy rainfall, it prervents flooding and during the dry season,I t helps to maintain an even flow of water.
3.Lakes can also be used for developing hydel power.
4.They moderate the climate of the surroundings and maintain the aquatic eco system.
5. Enhance natural beauty, help develop tourism and provide recreation.
Q12- Write a short note on River Pollution.
Ans- The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the Quality of water. As a result, more and more water is being drained out of the rivers reducing their volume.
--This affects not only the quality of water but also self-cleansing capacity of the river.
--The increasing urbanisation and industrialisation do not allow it to happen and the pollution level of many rivers has been rising.
-- Concern over rising pollution in our rivers lead to the launching of various action plans to clean the rivers as Ganga Action Plan, Cleaning of river Yamuna etc.
OR
Q13. What are the causes of river water pollution?
Ans.Causes of water pollution:
1.A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers.
2.The increasing urbanisation and industrialisation do not allow self-cleansing of rivers to happen and the pollution level of many rivers has been rising.

Constitutional Design class ix political science

Constitutional Design class ix

.1. Regarding the constitution-making, what was the compromise reached at between the
blacks and whites?
Ans. The constitution of South Africa was drawn together by the party of whites which had rules
through oppression and the party that led the freedom struggle. The constitution gave to its
citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. After long negotiations both parties
agreed to a compromise. The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one
person one vote. They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers.
The blacks agreed that the majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed that the majority

would not take away the property of the white minority.

Q.2. What does the constitution effectively do that makes a country a democratic one?
Ans. A constitution does many things to make a country a democratic one :
(i) It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people
(ii) It specifies how the government will be constituted and who will have the power of taking
(iii) It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the
(iv) It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Q.3. Why did the makers of the Indian constitution have anxieties about the present and the future of the country.
Ans. The makers of the Indian constitution had anxieties because making of the constitution for a
huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through
partition on the basis of religious differences. At least ten lakh people were killed on both sides
of the border in partition related violence. Another problem was that the British had left it to
the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or with

Pakistan or to remain independent.

Q.4. Describe how the Constituent Assembly worked to prepare the constitution for India.
Ans. The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. First some
basic principles were decided and agreed upon. Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. Several rounds of thorough discussion
took place, clause by clause. More than 2000 amendments were made. The members
deliberated for 114 days spread over 3 years. Every document presented and every word
spoken in the Constituent Assembly was recorded and preserved. These are called ‘Constituent
Assembly Debates’.

Q.5. In his speech ‘Tryst with Destiny’, Nehru said, ‘Freedom and power bring responsibility.'
Explain what he meant by this.
Ans. By saying that ‘Freedom and power bring responsibility’, Nehru meant that it is the
responsibility of Indians to not relax with ease after having got the freedom, but to constantly
strive to fulfil the pledges taken. He said that the service of India meant the service of the
millions who suffered, it meant the embing of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality
of opportunity.

Q.6. What is the preamble of the constitution? What is the significance of 'We the people of
India' and 'secular' in the preamble? [CBSE 2010]
Ans. It is an introductary part of the constitution. It is called the key of the Constitution. "We the
people of India" means the constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through
their representatives. Secular means that citizens have complete freedom to follow any
religion. But there as no official religion.

Q.7. Describe any three fealures of the Indian constitution.
[CBSE 2010]
Ans. (i) It establishes a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic in India (ii) It establishes a secular state
in India (iii) It provides Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties.

(i) The Constitution begins
with a short statement called the preamble. Sovereign means
people have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matter. No
dictate the government of India. Democratic means
government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them
accountable. Republic means the head of the state is an elected person and it is not a

(ii) Secular means citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion – Government treats
all religions beliefs and practices with equal respect.
(iii) The Indian constitution provides justice – social, economic and political.
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
Equality of status and opportunity.
Fraternity assuring dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.
Q.8. What is constitution? Why do we need a constitution?
Ans. It is a set of written rules that are accepted by all the people of a country. It is needed as it
is the supreme law that determines the relationship among citizens of a country. It defines how
the government will be formed and also limits the powers of the government and defines the

Q.9. The Indian constitution is both rigid and flexible. Explain.
Ans. The Indian Constitution is neither wholly flexible nor wholly rigid. It is partly rigid and partly .
flexible. It is not so flexible as the British constitution is, nor so rigid as the American
 Some of the articles of the constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the parliament,
e.g. changing the names of states, altering boundries of states, matters relating to citizenship
etc. Some of the articles of the constitution can be amended with 2/3 majority of the members
of parliament, e.g. the election of the president of India. If any change in it is intended then
it has to be passed first by a majority of the total members in each house of parliament.
Q.10. Mention the landmark years in the making of the Indian constitution.
Ans. As far back as 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for
India. In 1931 at the Karachi Session of Indian National Congress leaders pondered what

India's constitution should be like. Elections held in 1937 to provincial Legislatures and
Ministeri all over British India. It was beneficial for Indians to gain experience. That is why
Indian Constitution adopted many insitutional details from colonial laws like the Government
of India Act 1935.

Q.11. What is the aim of a socialist state? How can that be achieved? [2010 (T-1)]
Ans. We all us generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should
regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socioeconomic equalities. Social
inequalities have to be reduced, Government should work for the welfare of all.




Q.12. What was the African Policy of Apartheid? How could that come to an end? [2010 (T-1)]
Ans. Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimention unique to South Africa. The White
Europeans imposed this system on South Africa. The native people of Africa are black. They
had 3/4 of the population. The whites treated all non-whites as inferiors. The non-whites did
not have voting rights. The blacks were forbidden from living in the white area. Trains, buses,
hospitals, schools, hotels, taxis, cinemas etc were all separate for the whites and blacks. The
blacks, coloured and Indians fought for their rights-arranged marches protests and strikes. The
racist government for tortured them. On 26 April 1994. Apartheid came to an end with the birth

of the Republic of South Africa.

Q.13. Define the following terms mentioned in the Preamble to the constitution of India.
(c) Secular (d) Republic
Ans. Sovereign means people have supreme right to make decisions on internal and external
matters. No external power can dictate to the Government of India.
Socialist means that wealth is generated socially it should be shared equally by society.
Secular means that citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion but there is no

Republic means the head of the State is an elected person and not a hereditary position.

Q.14. What is the Preamble? Explain any three guiding principles explained in the Preamble.
Ans. Preamble is a short statement of the basic values of the constitution. Taking inspiration from
American model, most countries have adopted constitutions with a preamble. The preamble of
the Indian constitution reads like a poem on democracy. It contains the philosoply on which
the entire constitution has been built; 1. Democratic–It will have a democratic government
where people will enjoy equal rights; 2. Equality–All citizens will be equal before the law;
and 3. Fraternity– All world would behave as if they are members of the same family.



Q.15. Why do we need a constitution? Give any four points.
Ans. Every country has diverse groups of people. People have differences. Hence the need to have
a set of rules. To maintain a trust it as best to write down these rules. Thus the constitution
of a country is a set of written rules that are acceptd by all. A constitution.

1. generates trust and coordination.
2. specifies how government will be constituted.
3. lays down limits on the powers of the government.
4. expresses the aspirations of the people.
[2010 (T-1)]

GUESS PAPER/SAMPLE PAPER FOR CLASS X 2016-17

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT - II

SESSION 2015-16

SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE NO. 087)

CLASS-X

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                                                             Maximum Marks: 90

General Instructions:

1. There are 29 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. Marks for each question are indicated against the question.

3. Questions from serial number 1 to 8 are multiple choice questions (MCQs) of 1 mark each.

4. Questions from serial number 9 to 20 are 3 marks questions. Answers of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.

5. Questions from serial number 21 to 28 are 5 marks questions. Answers of these questions should not exceed 120 words each.

6. Question number 29 (a) is a map question of 3 marks from History and the Question number 29 (b) is a map question from Geography.

7. Attach the filled up maps inside your answer-book.

1. Which famous novel caused a scandal in Vietnam?                                                             1

                                                                  OR

     How did Metternich describe Mazzini?

2. What is an ore? Give an example.                                                                                         1

3. Classify industries on the basis of ownership.                                                                      1

4. What does “Road Density mean? What is the average road density of India?                   1

5. Recognize the situation when credit in some cases pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is very painful. What is it called?                                                                         1

6. How do banks act as a mediator?                                                                                         1

7. What is RTI? When was it introduced?                                                                               1

8. Bringing down the existing non democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling government and establishing sovereign and functional state. Identify the kind of challenge faced by the people in such a country.                                                                                                          1

9. What was the condition of colonial economy in Vietnam? Explain.                                    3

                                                                             OR

How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?                                

10. Discuss the three main demands of Mahatma Gandhi in his letter to Viceroy Irwin in January 1930?                                                                                                                                                    3

11. “India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources. However these are unevenly distributed”. Comment.                                                                                             3

12. Which is the principal mode of transportation? Write two merits of the same.                 3

13. “Agriculture and industry go hand in hand.” Validate the statement.                               3

14. Give a short account of the major types of coal found in India.                                        3

15. Elucidate the significance of movements against French by the Vietnamese?                        3

OR

“The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial           expansions. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.”Elaborate upon the statement.                                                                                    

16. The growing role of money and muscle power is a major challenge in India. What do you understand by the statement? Explain.                                                                                            3

17. What is the broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India?                                                                                                               3

18. How are Self Help Groups in the rural areas to solve the problem of credit?                          3

19. Imagine you deposited Rs 25000/- in the bank as it earns interest. Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand. Name the deposit are called? Write two advantage of this kind of deposits.                                                                                                                   3

20. What are containers? How does it help for transport of goods?                                               3

21. Elaborate upon the role of women during war and peace in Vietnam.                                     5

                                                                            OR

Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Write three features about the paintings of him.                             

22.”British rule in India would have collapsed if Indians had not cooperated “? How did this  statement help in starting a mass movement in India against the British rule?                               5                                          

23. Define trade. What is balance of trade? Explain two types of balance of trade.                       5

24. What can we conclude about democracy with reference to popular struggles and movements like Bolivian water war? Explain in detail.                                                                                     5

25. Elucidate some of the recent efforts taken in our country to reform political parties and its leaders.                                                                                                                                                       5

26. How can you say that “democracy is better than dictatorship”? Validate the statement with the help of relevant example.                                                                                                          5

27.“Information technology is connected with globalisation” Demonstrate with the help of

illustrations”                                                                                                                                    5

28. Which has enabled the consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts? Explain with the help of an example how it benefits the consumers                                              5                                                                            

29. (a)  Locate and label the following places on the given political map of India.                  1X3

i.  Where Indian National Congress held its session in December 1929

ii. Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law here

iii. Mahatma Gandhi organized satyagraha for cotton mill workers here

29 (I) Locate and label the following features on the outline map of India political:                

a)  Nellore Mica Mines

b)  Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant                                                                                               1+1=2

(II) Identify the features marked as A and B on the same given map of India political:

A)  Iron and steel plant

B)  Silk Textile Industry                                                                                                    ½ + ½  =1