ACTIVITIES DONE BY CLASS VIII A(PRESENTATION ON MINERALS)

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CHAPTER 7: LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Remember These Facts

• Golden Quadrilateral road connect north with south and east with west. It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. It is 6 lanes good quality super express highway. It total length is 5846 km.
• East – West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujurat]. It connects Guwahati, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Jhansi and Rajkot.
• North – South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari. It connects Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Hydrabad and Bangalore.
• Density of road is lowest in Jammu and Kashmir. It is only 10 km for 100 sq. km. area. Density of road is low in this state because this is a hilly state with very low populaton.
• Highest road density is found in Kerala. It is about 375 km. for 100 sq. km. area.
• Longest pipeline in India is H-B-J Pipeline [Hazira-Bijapur-Jagddishpur]. It is about 1700 km. long.
• Indian railway is divided into 16 railway zones.
• NH – 1 connects Delhi and Amritsar.
• NH – 2 connects Delhi and Kolkata. It is also called as Grand Truck Road.
• NH – 3 connects Mumbai and Agra.
• NH – 7 connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. It is longest in India.

Road Transport and Its Types

• India has one of the largest road networks in the world. Total road length in India is about 2.3 million km. There are various types of road in India.
• Golden Quadrilateral: It is a 6 lane super highway. This connects four mega cities of our country i.e Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. East-West Corridor connects Silchar [Assam] with Porbandar [Gujarat]. North-South Corridor connects Srinagar [J & K] with Kanyakumari [Tamil Nadu].
• National Highways: These roads are most important in India. National Highways are constructed by CPWD. Important National Highways are NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 etc. These highways connects important cities, railways stations, port, mining areas, capital towns etc.
• State Highways: These roads connect state capital with district headquarters. They are constructed by SPWD [State Public Work Dept.].
• District Roads: These roads are found in rural areas. They connect district headquarter with village and blocks.
• Other Roads: It includes village roads. They are mainly non-metalled roads. Many roads have been constructed under “Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana”.
• Border Roads: Border Roads are constructed by Border Road Organisation [BRO]. These roads are constructed along the borders which are used to connect isolated parts with main country. These roads are very important from strategic point of view.

Merits or Advantage of Roadways

a)    Construction and maintenance of road is much lower than railways.

b)    Roads can be constructed on hills, plateaus, forests and desert also.

c)     Road can negotiate high degree of slope and can take sharp turns.

d)    It provides door-to-door service facilities.

e)    Roads can be constructed in the hills and forest also.

f)     It is economical for few passengers and small amount of goods.

g)    Transportation of perishable items e.g. milk, fish, vegetables are more reliable by roads.

h)    Cost of loading and unloading of goods is much lower.

i)      Road transport provide link between other mode of transport such as rail, airport, seaport etc.

Indian Railway at a Glance

§  Indian railway is about 150 years old. First rail was started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.

§  It connects State Capital with Capital of India. It also connects major towns and cities, tourist places, mining centers, seaports, airports etc.

§  There are about more than 7,000 stations on 63,000 km. long railway tract.

§  Indian railway is divided into 16 zones for proper administration.

§  Railways in India have three gauge system:         a) Broad Gauge             [1.676 m]

b) Meter Gauge [1.0 m]

c) Narrow Gauge           [0.762 and 0.610 m].

§  There are various types of train running in India such as Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Mail and Express, Local and Special Trains which carry passengers.

§  About 80% of freight [goods] and 70% of passenger traffic is carried by railways.

§  Konkan Railways is built in Western Ghat Mountain. It is an example of best railway engineering in India. It has hundred of tunnels and bridges.

§  There is marked improvement in Indian railways. They are: a) Computerised Reservation System, b) Waiting Room Facilities on Stations, c) Catering Facility, d) Electrification of Tracks, e) Uni-Gauge System [Conversion of all gauges into broad gauge], f) Replacement of Steam Engine with Electric Engine, g) Special Trains like Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Jan Shatabdi, Summer Special etc.

Merits or Advantage of Railways

• Good for transportation of bulky and heavy materials
• It is cheaper for transporting goods for longer distances.
• Best for transportation of raw materials e.g. iron ore, manganese, coal etc.
• It is fast mode transportation.
• Large number of passengers can be transported.
• Railway provides various facilities such as night berth, catering, computerized reservation etc.

Pipelines in India and Its Advantages

• Pipelines are used to transport gas and liquid materials such as mineral or refined oil, natural gas, water or even milk. Solid items can also be transported after making it ‘slurry’.
• Pipelines are found from oil producing centers to oil refinery plants and from oil refinery plants to the market [city].
• Minerals oil from upper Assam is transported to Barauni and Allahabad oil refinery through pipeline.
• Pipeline from Salaya to Jalandhar via Mathura and Delhi is also very important pipeline.
• The longest pipeline in India is H-B-J pipeline which connect Hazia, Bijapur and Jagdishpur. It is about 1700 km. long.

Advantage of Pipeline Transportation

• Pipeline is best for transportation of gas and liquid materials e.g. oil, natural gas, water and milk.
• Construction of pipeline is cheaper than road and railways.
• Pipeline can be constructed in forest, swampy area, hills and desert. It can also be laid down under river and ocean water.
• Pipeline can ensure regular, quick and on-demand supply of liquid and gaseous materials.
• Pipelines can be operated at low energy cost and it does not pollute environment.

Water Transportation in India

• Water transportation is cheapest among all mode of transportation because there is no need to construct any route.
• They are cheaper for transporting bulky and heavy raw materials.
• India has many perennial and seasonal rivers which offer transport facility. India has about 14,500 km long inland navigation waterways.
• India also has long sea coast on which there are many ports like Mumbai, Goa, Kochhi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Haldia etc.
• India has three National Waterways:
• National Waterways – 1     Ganga                        1620 km.           Allahabad – Haldia
• National Waterways – 2     Brahmaputra              891 km.                        Sadiya – Dhubri
• National Waterways – 3     West Coast Canal        205 km.                       Kollam - Kottapuram
• There are some problems in using waterways like: a) Peninsular rivers are seasonal, b) Many rivers make waterfalls in their course, c) Water transportation is slowest among all transport modes, d) Construction of dams and barrage also blocks waterways, e) Many rivers flow in uninhabited area, f) Indian coast are shallow and we have less natural ports.

Distinguish between Ports on West and East Coasts

West Coast Ports		East Coast Ports
1.     West coast ports are located in the west along Arabian Sea. 2.     Important west coast ports are Mumbai, Mangalore, Marmagao, Cochin. 3.     Cotton, spices, coffee, rubber, iron ore, manganse etc are exported to USA and European countries. 4.     Mumbai is the largest port on west coast.		1.     East coast ports are located in the east along Bay of Bengal. 2.     Important east coast ports are Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Tuticorin. 3.     Hinterland of these ports are rich in resources like iron ore, bauxite, manganese, mica. 4.     Kolkata is the largest port on east coast.

Airways in India and Its Advantages

• It is fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It can cover long distance within hours.
• River, hills, forest, oceans etc. do not come in the way of air transport.
• Air transport play very important role in rescue operation during natural disasters like flood and earthquake.
• It also connects isolated and far away places with main stream of the country. It is best for north-eastern states and Jammu and Kashmir.
• In India, domestic service is provided by ‘Indian Airlines’. It covers major cities of India and neighboring countries. International air transport service is provided by ‘Air India’.
• Pawanhans provides helicopter facility. Private companies like Sahara, Kingfisher are also operating air transportation in India.
• Problems: a) Air transport is very costly and not suited for common people, b) Construction of airport needs huge capital and technology, c) Airports cannot be constructed everywhere.

Difference between Personal and Mass Communication

Personal Communication		Mass Communication
a)    Personal communication takes place between two people or among very few people at a time. b)    Means of personal communication are letters, postcards, telephone, mobile, telegram etc. c)     It is handled mainly by Indian Postal Network and telephone companies.		a)    Mass Communication takes place among many people at a time. Many persons can interact with each other. b)    Means of mass communication are TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet, films etc. c)     Mass communication includes print media and electronic media.

India Trade and Its Types

§  Meaning of Trade: Exchange of goods and services among people is called as trade. In other words, buying and selling goods and services is called trade. The place where trade takes place is called as market or trading center. Trade takes place because all parts of world do not have same resources and they do not produce same commodity. Higher amount of trade indicate higher economic development of a country.

§  Balance of Payment: The ratio between value of export and import is called balance of payment. If export is higher than import, it is called ‘favourable balance of payment’. If import is higher than export, it is called negative balance of payment.

§  Export from India: Petroleum products, engineering goods, gems and jewellery, computer software, chemical products and agricultural products are exported by India to other countries.

§  Import to India: Petroleum, pearls and precious stones, coal, inorganic chemicals, fertilizers, electronic consumer durables are imported by India from other countries.

LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR CLASS IX 2015-16

SOCIAL SCIENCE
Class-IX
Summative Assessment- II
March - 2015
List of Map Items for Examination

Geography
Chapter 4 (Climate)
(Meteorological Stations)
For Location & Labelling : Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bangalore,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Leh, Shillong, Delhi, Nagpur.
Chapter 5 (Natural Vegetation & Wild life)
(a) For Location & Labelling : (i) National Parks : Corbett , Kaziranga, Ranthambhor,
Dachigam, Rajaji, Shivpuri, Kanha Kisli, Simlipal, Keoladeo Guindy, Bandipur,
(ii) Wild life Sanctuaries : Sariska, Mudumalai, Periyar, Chandaka.
(b) For Identification : Forest Zones : Tropical Evergreen Forests, Tropical Thorn
Forests, Mangrove Forests, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Montane Forests.
Chapter 6 (Population)
(a) For Location & Labelling : The state having highest density of population.
The state having lowest density of population.
The state having highest sex ratio.
The state having lowest sex ratio.
The most populous state of India.
The most sparsely populated state of India.
Note : Items for location & Labelling may be asked for identification

LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR CLASS X EXAMINATION

Class-X
Summative Assessment-II
March 2012
List of Map Items for Examination
A. History

Chapter 3 : Nationalism in India - (1918-1930)
(i) For locating and labelling/Identification on Outline Political Map of India
1. Indian National Congress Session : Calcutta (Sep. 1920), Nagpur (Dec. 1920), Madras (1927) and Lahore (1929).
2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement
(Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)
(i) Champaran (Bihar) : Movement of Indigo Planters
(ii) Kheda (Gujarat) : Peasant Satyagraha
(iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) : Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(iv) Amritsar (Punjab) : Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(v) Chauri Chaura (UP) : calling off the NCM.
(vi) Bardoli (Gujarat) : no tax campaign.
(vii) Dandi (Gujarat) : Civil Disobedience Movement.


B. Geography

Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources
Minerals : (Identification only)
(i) Iron ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary and Kudremukh.
(ii) Mica mines : Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya and Hazaribagh.
(iii) Coal mines : Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni and Neyveli
(iv) Oil Fields : Digbi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol and Ankaleshwar.
Power Plants : (Locating and Labelling only)
(a) Thermal : Namrup, Talcher, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada and Tuticorin.
(b) Nuclear : Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga and Kalpakkam.

Chapter 6 : Manufacturing Industries
For Locating and Labelling Only
(i) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore and Madurai.
(ii) Woollen Industry : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur and Jamnagar.
(iii) Silk Industry : Anantnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad and Mysore.
(iv) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bhilai,
Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, and Salem.
(v) Software Technology Parks : Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai,
Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore,
Chennai and Thiruvanantapuram.

Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy
Identification Only :
Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor and East-West Corridor
National Highways : NH-1, NH-2 and NH-7
Location and Labelling :
(i) Major Ports : Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore,
Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia and Kolkata.
(ii) International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International);
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanatapuram (Nedimbacherry) ; Chennai (Meenam
Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and Hyderabad
Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification

CH: 5 , POLITICAL SCIENCE, WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS CLASS 9

working of institutions

Working of Institutions

BY P.SURESH

A Government Order

An order announces a major policy decision taken by the government for immediate implementation.

The Decision Makers

1.      President is the head of the stateand is the highest formal authorityin the country.

2.      Prime Minister is the head of thegovernmentand actually exercisesall governmental powers. He takesmost of the decisions in theCabinet meetings.

3.      Parliament consists of two Houses,LokSabha and RajyaSabha. The parliament makes important laws to be followed by everyone.

A long chain of events before the passing of Government Order for OBC reservation.

1.      The Government of India hadappointed the Second BackwardClasses Commission in 1979. It washeaded by B.P. Mandal. Hence it waspopularly called the MandalCommission.

2.      The Commission gaveits Report in 1980 and made manyrecommendations. One of these wasthat 27 per cent of government jobsbe reserved for the socially andeconomically backward classes.

3.      For several years, manyparliamentarians and parties keptdemanding the implementation of theCommission’s recommendations.

4.      Then came the LokSabha electionof 1989. In its election manifesto, theJanata Dal promised that if voted topower, it would implement theMandal Commission report.

5.      TheJanata Dal did form the governmentafter this election. Its leader V. P.Singh became the Prime Ministerand he implemented it.

Involvement of several political institutions in implementing OBC reservation (Mondal Commission recommendations):

1.      The President of India in hisaddress to the Parliamentannounced the intention of thegovernment to implement therecommendations of the MandalCommission.

2.      On 6 August 1990, the UnionCabinet took a formal decision toimplement the recommendations.

3.      Next day Prime Minister V.P. Singhinformed the Parliament aboutthis decision through a statementin both the Houses of Parliament.

4.      The decision of the Cabinet wassent to the Department of Personneland Training. The senior officers ofthe Department drafted an order inline with the Cabinet decision andtook the minister’s approval.

5.       Anofficer signed the order on behalf ofthe Union Government. This washow OBC reservation bill wasborn on August 13, 1990. Many approached the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court judgesin 1992 declared that this order of the Government of India was valid.

What are political Institutions? Need for Political Institutions in India

Several arrangements to provide social security, education, health and basic needs are made inall modern democracies. Sucharrangements are called institutions.A democracy works well whenthese institutions perform functionsassigned to them.

1.      The Parliament makes important laws foe the entire nation.

2.      The Prime Minister and theCabinet are institutions that takeall important policy decisions.

3.      The Civil Servants, workingtogether, are responsible for takingsteps to implement the ministers’decisions.

4.      Supreme Court is an institutionwhere disputes between citizensand the government are finallysettled.

What is Parliament?Why do we need a Parliament?

An assembly ofelected representatives which exercisessupreme political authority onbehalf of the people. In India such anational assembly of electedrepresentatives is called Parliament.

1.      Parliament is the final authority formaking laws in any country.Parliamentsall over the world can make newlaws, change existing laws, orabolish existing laws and makenew ones in their place.

2.      Parliaments all over the worldexercise some control over thosewho run the government. In somecountries like India this control isdirect and full.

3.      Parliaments control all the moneythat governments have. In mostcountries the public moneycan be spent only when theParliament sanctions it.

4.      Parliament is the highest forum ofdiscussion and debate on publicissues and national policy in anycountry. Parliament can seekinformation about any matter.

Two Houses of Parliament

1.      In our country, the Parliamentconsists of two Houses. The twoHouses are known as the Council ofStates (RajyaSabha) and the Houseof the People (LokSabha).

2.      The total number of elected members of LokSabha is 543+2 Anglo Indian nominated members.The total number of members of RajyaSabha is 238+12 nominated members.

3.      Members of LokSabha are electedby the people. Members of RajyaSabha are elected by the MLAs and MPs.

4.      The length of the term of LokSabha members is 5 years.The length of the term of RajyaSabha members is 6 years

5.      LokSabha can be dissolved but Raya Sabha is permanent and only the members retire.

How does LokSabha exercise supreme power than RajyaSabha?

1.      Any ordinary law needs to bepassed by both the Houses. But ifthere is a difference between thetwo Houses, the final decision istaken in a joint session in whichthe view ofthe LokSabha is likely to prevail.

2.      LokSabha exercises more powersin money matters. Once the LokSabha passes the budget of thegovernment or any other moneyrelated law, the RajyaSabhacannot reject but can only delay it by 14 days.

3.      Most importantly, the LokSabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members in the LokSabha is appointed the Prime Minister.

4.       If the majority of the LokSabha members say they have ‘no confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit. theRajyaSabha does nothave this power.

Executive

At different levels of anygovernment we find functionarieswho take day-to-day decisions and implement those decisions onbehalf of the people. All thosefunctionaries are collectively knownas the executive.

Political and PermanentExecutive

1.      Politician who is elected by the people for a specific period is called thepolitical executive. Political leaderswho take the big decisions fall in thiscategory.

2.      Officers who are appointed on a long-term basis based on their qualification and experience. They are called the permanentexecutive or civil servants. They remain in officeeven when the ruling party changes.

Why does the political executive have more power than the non-political executive? OR

Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?

1.      In a democracy the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf.

2.      The Minister is finallyanswerable to the people for all theconsequences of her decision. Thatis why the minister takes all the finaldecisions.

3.       The minister decides theoverall framework and objectives inwhich decisions on policy should bemade.

4.      The minister is notexpected to be an expert in thematters of her ministry. The ministertakes the advice of experts on alltechnical matters.

5.      The experts can tell the route, but the minister with a larger view decidesthe destination.

Council of Ministers and Types of ministers:

Council of Ministers is the officialname for the body that includes allthe Ministers. It usually has 60 to80 Ministers of different ranks.

1.      Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of themajor ministries. Usually theCabinet Ministers meet to takedecisions in the name of theCouncil of Ministers.

2.      Ministers of State with independentcharge are usually in-chargeof smaller Ministries. Theyparticipate in the Cabinet meetingsonly when specially invited.

3.      Ministers of State or Deputy ministersare attachedto and required to assist CabinetMinisters in their work.

Prime Minister and Powers of the Prime Minister

Prime Minister is the most importantpolitical institutionin the country.ThePresident appoints the leader of themajority party or the coalition ofparties that commands a majorityin the LokSabha, as Prime Minister.

1.      Ashead of the government, the PrimeMinister has wide ranging powers.

2.      He chairs Cabinet meetings. He coordinates the work of differentDepartments. His decisions are finalin case disagreements arise betweenDepartments.

3.       He exercises generalsupervision of different ministries.All ministers work under hisleadership.

4.      The Prime Ministerdistributes and redistributes workto the ministers. He also has thepower to dismiss ministers.

5.      Whenthe Prime Minister quits, the entireministry quits.The Cabinet is the most powerful institution in India and withinthe Cabinet the Prime Ministerwho is the most powerful.

Prime Ministerial form of government.

Thepowers of the Prime Minister in allparliamentary democracies of theworld have increased so much inrecent decades that parliamentarydemocracies are seen asPrime Ministerial form ofgovernment.

The President and Powers of the President:

The President isthe head of the State. The Presidentof India is like the Queen of Britainwhose functions are to a large extentceremonial. The President is elected by all the Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).

1.      The President supervisesthe overall functioning of all thepolitical institutions in the country sothat they operate in harmony toachieve the objectives of the state.

2.      All governmental activities takeplace in the name of the President.All laws and major policy decisionsof the government are issued in hername.

3.      All major appointments aremade in the name of the President.These include the appointment ofthe Chief Justice of India, theJudges of the Supreme Court andthe High Courts, theGovernors, the ElectionCommissioners, ambassadors to other countries, etc.

4.      All internationaltreaties and agreements are made inthe name of the President.

5.      ThePresident is the supreme commanderof the defence forces of India.President exercises all these powersonly on the advice of the Council ofMinisters.

What is Judiciary?

All thecourts at different levels in a countryput together are called the judiciary.The Indian judiciary consists of aSupreme Court for the entire nation,High Courts in the states, DistrictCourts and the courts at local level.

Types of cases or disputes handled by the courts:

1.      Cases Between citizens of the country.

2.      Cases between citizens and government.

3.      Cases between two or more stategovernments; and

4.      Cases between governments at the unionand state level.

Powers of the Supreme Court and High Court

1.      Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal incivil and criminal cases. It can hearappeals against the decisions of theHigh Courts.

2.      The Supreme Court and the HighCourts have the power to interpretthe Constitution of the country. Theycan declare invalid any law of thelegislature if they find sucha law or action is against theConstitution.

3.      The Supreme Court candetermine the Constitutional validityof any legislation or action of theexecutive in the country, when it ischallenged before them. This isknown as the judicial review.

4.      The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the Fundamental Rights. We shall see in the next chapter that the citizens have a right to approach the courts to seek remedy in case of any violation of their rights

5.      Courts have given severaljudgments and directives to protectpublic interest and human rights.Anyone can approach the courts ifpublic interest is hurt by the actionsof government. This is called publicinterest litigation.

Independence of the judiciary

1.      Independence of the judiciarymeans that it is not under thecontrol of the legislature or theexecutive. The judges do not act onthe direction of the government oraccording to the wishes of the partyin power.

2.      The judges of the SupremeCourt and the High Courts areappointed by the President on theadvice of the Prime Minister and inconsultation with the Chief Justiceof the Supreme Court. Once aperson is appointed as judge of theSupreme Court or the High Court itis nearly impossible to remove himor her from that position.

3.      A judge can be removedonly by an impeachment motionpassed separately by two-thirdsmembers of the two Houses of theParliament.

Posted by P.Suresh