Monday, October 26, 2015

THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA

THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA
            IMPORTANT TERMS/ PERSONALITIES:
1.      INDO-CHINA: It is a small peninsula in South-East Asia. It consists of                                                                                                                                             Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.
2.      NATIONALISM: It is the feeling of oneness among the people of a country.
3.      COLONY: It is a country which is ruled by another powerful country.
4.      TRANS INDO-CHINA RAILWAY: This railway network was built by the French. It connected northern and southern parts of Vietnam with China and Thailand. It was completed in 1910.
5.      PAUL BERNARD:  He was a famous writer and a policy maker. He wanted the French to take steps to develop Vietnam.
6.      INDENTURED LABOUR:  It means contract labour, employed in the plantations of Vietnam. Employers had the power to punish and jail the workers.
7.      CIVILISING MISSION [OR] WHITE MAN’S BURDEN]:  Europeans believed that they belonged to superior civilisation. They wanted to spread western civilisation in Asia and Africa. Colonialism was used for this purpose.
8.      ASIATIC FRANCE:  The French wanted to create a westernised colony in Vietnam. They took steps to educate Vietnamese for this purpose.
9.      TONKIN FREE SCHOOL: It was started in 1907 to provide western education. Science, hygiene and French were taught along with the other subjects. The school encouraged students to adopt western style of living. Students had to cut their hair short.
  10   COCHIN CHINA:  The southern part of Vietnam was called Cochin China.
10.  PARTY OF YOUNG ANNAN: In 1920’s the students of Vietnam formed a political party called the Party of Young Annan. They published a journal called Annanese student.
11.  SEWERS:  They are underground drainage channels meant for taking sewage water away.
12.  CONFUCIANISM:  It is a Chinese religion founded by Confucius. It gives importance to good conduct and relationships.
13.  SCHOLAR’S REVOLT:  It was an armed revolt led by the officers of the Kings Court. It was against the spread of Christianity and the French rule.
14.  SYNCRETIC RELIGION:  It is a combination of many religious beliefs and local traditions.
15.  HOA HAO MOVEMENT:  It was a religious movement started by Huynh Phu So in 1939. He performed miracles and helped the poor. He opposed child marriages, useless expenditure, gambling and the use of liquor. The French called him mad [MAD BONZE] and sent him to a mental hospital. Later he was sent out of Vietnam.
16.  PHAN BOI CHAU:  He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He formed the revolutionary society in 1903. He wrote a book titled ‘The History Of The Loss Of Vietnam’. He wanted to overthrow the French rule with the help of the Monarchy.
17.  PHAN CHU TRINH:  He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He was against Monarchy. He wanted to establish a Modern Democratic Republic. He supported the French ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
18.  CONCENTRATION CAMPS:  They were the jails meant for those who opposed the French rule. The prisoners were made to do a lot of hard work.
19.  PRINCE CHONG DE:  He belonged to the Vietnamese royal family which had no power. He became the head of the Revolutionary Society founded by Phan Boi Chau.
20.  LIANG QICHAO: He was a Chinese reformer. His thoughts and ideas influenced Phan Boi chau.
21.  GO EAST MOVEMENT:  Nearly 300 students of Vietnam went to Japan to get modern education. Their real aim was to overthrow the French rule with the help of Japan. They set up Restoration Society in Tokyo.
22.  SUN YAT SEN:  He was a Chinese nationalist. In 1911, he overthrew the Chinese monarchy and established a republic.
23.  THE GREAT DEPRESSION:  It started in 1930 in USA. It is a situation in which the production was more than the demand. Therefore goods remained unsold and factories closed down. People lost their jobs.
24.  ELECTRICAL FUSES OF VIETNAM:  Vietnamese provinces of Nghe An and Ha Trinh were called Electrical Fuses. They were the first provinces to start revolts.
25.  VIET CONG SAN DANG [VIET CONG]:  It was the communist party of Vietnam founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930.
26.  VIETMINH:  The league for the independence of Vietnam was formed by Ho Chi Minh to fight for freedom. It was a people’s army. It fought against the Japanese invaders. It defeated French in the battle of Dien Bien Phu.
27.  BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU:  It was a battle fought between the French and the Vietminh in 1954. The French were defeated in this battle.
28.  GENEVA CONFERENCE OF 1954:  It was organised by the U.N. It was decided to divide Vietnam into two parts. The North under Communist rule and South under Bao Dai[Puppet of the U.S.A]
29.  NGO DINH DIEN: He overthrew Bao Dai’s government in South Vietnam and established a dictatorial government. He killed or imprisoned all those who opposed him. He allowed Christianity and banned Buddhism.
30.  NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT [NLF]:  NLF was formed by the people of South Vietnam. They wanted to overthrow the American supported government and unite with North Vietnam. It fought against the American forces along with the North Vietnamese troops.
31.  COMMUNISM: It is scientific socialism. It is an ideology based on human equality. It supports a workers government.
32.  DOMINO EFFECT:  USA believed that if Vietnam becomes a communist country it would have some effect on the  neighbouring countries too and they would all become communist. The policy of domino effect grew out of USA’s fear for the spread of communism.
33.  TRUNG SISTERS:  They were two Vietnamese women who fought against the Chinese domination. Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on their lives. When they lost the war, they killed themselves. The Vietnamese people considered the Trung sisters as  great patriots.
34.  HO CHI MINH’S TRAIL:  It was a network of roads and footpaths which connected North Vietnam with South Vietnam.
35.  NHAT LINH:  She was a famous Vietnamese novelist. She wrote a novel in which a girl refuses a forced marriage and goes with her lover who is a nationalist worker.
36.  TRIEU AU:  She organized an army to fight against the Chinese. She lived in the forest and led the war. She killed herself when she lost the war.
37.  NGUYEN THI XUAN:  She was a Vietnamese women soldier. She shot down an American jet with just 20 bullets.
 38. COLONS: The French citizens settled in Vietnam were called Colons.
                                





Q.23. Discuss the protest of Saigon Native Girls School
Ans:
In 1926 a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School. A Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move to the back of the class and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench. She refused. The principal, being French expelled her. When angry students protested, they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests. Seeing the situation getting out of control, the government forced the school to take the students back.

Q.24. Name the political parties formed by students.
Ans:
By the 1920s, students were forming various political parties, such as the Party of Young Annan, and publishing nationalist journals such as the Annanese Student.

Q.25. Schools thus became an important place for political and cultural battles. Explain.
Ans:
  • Schools became an important place for political and cultural battles.
  • The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of education.
  • They tried to change the values, norms and perceptions of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese.
  • Vietnamese intellectuals, on the other hand, feared that Vietnam was losing not just control over its territory but its very identity: its own culture and customs were being devalued and the people were developing a master-slave mentality.
  • The battle against French colonial education became part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence.

Q.26. Examine the reasons for eruption of plague in Hanoi.
Ans:
  • When the French set about creating a modern Vietnam, they decided to rebuild Hanoi.
  • The latest ideas about architecture and modern engineering skills were employed to build a new and ‘modern’ city.
  • In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague.
  • The French part of Hanoi was built as a beautiful and clean city with wide avenues and a well-laid-out sewer system, while the ‘native quarter’ was not provided with any modern facilities.
  • The refuse from the old city drained straight out into the river or, during heavy rains or floods, overflowed into the streets.
  • Thus what was installed to create a hygienic environment in the French city became the cause of the plague.
  • The large sewers in the modern part of the city, a symbol of modernity, were an ideal and protected breeding ground for rats.
  • The sewers also served as a great transport system, allowing the rats to move around the city without any problem.
  • The rats began to enter the well-cared-for homes of the French through the sewage pipes.
  • This led to the outbreak of plague in Hanoi.

Q.27. write a note on rat hunt.
Ans:
  • A rat hunt was started in 1902.
  • The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught.
  • Rats began to be caught in thousands: on 30 May, for instance, 20,000 were caught but still there seemed to be no end.
  • For the Vietnamese the rat hunt seemed to provide an early lesson in the success of collective bargaining.
  • Those who did the dirty work of entering sewers found that if they came together they could negotiate a higher bounty.
  • They also discovered innovative ways to profit from this situation.
  • The bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat had been killed.
  • So the rat-catchers took to just clipping the tails and releasing the rats, so that the process could be repeated, over and over again.
  • Some people, in fact, began raising rats to earn a bounty.
  • Finally the program was scrapped.

Q.28. what were religious beliefs of people of Vietnam?
Ans:
Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Christianity, introduced by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easygoing attitude and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to revere the supernatural as something to be corrected.

Q.29. write a short note on scholar’s revolt.
Ans:
  • An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt in 1868.
  • This revolt was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power.
  • They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand Catholics were killed.
  • Catholic missionaries had been active in winning converts since the early seventeenth century, and by the middle of the eighteenth century had converted some 300,000.
  • The French crushed the movement but this uprising served to inspire other patriots to rise up against them.

Q.30. How was religious beliefs spread among the peasants?
Ans:
  • The elites in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and Confucianism.
  • But religious beliefs among the peasantry were shaped by a variety of syncretic traditions that combined Buddhism and local beliefs.
  • There were many popular religions in Vietnam that were spread by people who claimed to have seen a vision of God.

Q.31. write a note on Hao Hao movement. How did the French tried to suppress the movement?
Ans:
  • Hoa Hao movement began in 1939 and gained great popularity in the fertile Mekong delta area.
  • The founder of Hoa Hao was a man called Huynh Phu So.
  • He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal.
  • He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium.
  • The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So.
  • They declared him mad, called him the Mad Bonze, and put him in a mental asylum.
  • Interestingly, the doctor who had to prove him insane became his follower, and finally in 1941, even the French doctors declared that he was sane.
  • The French authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Q.32. who was Phan Boi Chau?
Ans:
Phan Boi Chau became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from the time he formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head.

Q.33. Discuss the contribution of Phan Boi Chau.
Ans:
  • Phan Boi Chau was a nationalist educated in the Confucian tradition.
  • He met the Chinese reformer Liang Qichao in Yokohama in 1905.
  • Phan’s most influential book, The History of the Loss of Vietnam was written under the strong influence and advice of Qichao.
  • It became a widely read bestseller in Vietnam and China and was even made into a play.
  • The book focuses on two connected themes: the loss of sovereignty and the severing of ties with China, ties that bound the elites of the two countries within a shared culture.

Q.34. who was Phan Boi Chau?
Ans:
  • Phan Boi Chau was a nationalist who was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court.
  • His desire was to establish a democratic republic. Profoundly influenced by the democratic ideals of the West
  • He did not want a wholesale rejection of Western civilization.
  • He accepted the French revolutionary ideal of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal.
  • He demanded that the French set up legal and educational institutions, and develop AGRICULTURE and INDUSTRIES.1

Q.35. what is meant by republic?
Ans:
It is a form of government based on popular consent and popular representation. It is based on the power of the people as opposed to monarchy

Q.36. what was ‘go east movement’?
Ans:
  • In the first decade of the twentieth century a ‘go east movement’ became popular.
  • In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education.
  • For many of them the primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French.
  • These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help.
  • They appealed to the Japanese as fellow Asians Japan had modernized itself and had resisted colonization by the West.
  • Besides, its victory over Russia in 1907 proved its military capabilities.
  • Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo.

Q.37. How did developments in China inspire Vietnamese nationalists?
Ans:
  • Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists.
  • In 1911, the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-sen, and a Republic was set up.
  • Inspired by these developments, Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.
  • The nature of the anti-French independence movement changed.
  • The objective was no longer to set up a constitutional monarchy but a democratic republic.

Q.38. when was the Vietnamese Communist Party established?
Ans:
In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.

Q.39. Describe the formation of The Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Ans:
In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

Q.40. what was the immediate challenge faced by the new republic?
Ans:
  • The new republic faced a number of challenges.
  • The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet.
  • Faced with the French offensive, the Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills.
  • After eight years of fighting, the French were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

Q.41. What was the impact of the division of Vietnam?
Ans:
  • In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country.
  • North and south were split:
  • Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.
  • This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death and destruction to its people as well as the environment.
  • The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem.
  • Diem built a repressive and authoritarian government.
  • Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and was jailed and killed.
  • Diem retained Ordinance 10, a French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed Buddhism.

Q.42. how did Dien Bien Phu became a very important symbol of struggle?
Ans:
  • At Dien Bien Phu the French were outwitted by the Vietminh forces led by General Vo Nguyen Giap.
  • The French Commander, Navarre, had not thought of all the problems he would face in the battle.
  • The valley where French garrisons were located was flooded in the monsoon and the area was covered with bushes, making it difficult to move troops and tanks, or trace the Vietminh anti-aircraft guns hidden in the jungle.
  • From their base in the hills, the Vietminh surrounded the French garrisons in the valley below, digging trenches and tunnels to move without being detected.
  • Supplies and reinforcements could not reach the besieged French garrison, the wounded French soldiers could not be moved, and the French airstrip became unusable because of continuous artillery fire.
  • Dien Bien Phu became a very important symbol of struggle.
  • It strengthened Vietminh conviction in their capacity to fight powerful imperial forces through determination and proper strategy.
  • Stories of the battle were retold in villages and cities to inspire people.

Q.43. how did the entry of U.S.A. affected Vietnam?
Ans:
  • US entry into the war marked a new phase that proved costly to the Vietnamese as well as to the Americans.
  • The phase of struggle with the US was brutal.
  • Thousands of US troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time – B52s.
  • The wide spread attacks and use of chemical weapons – Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs – destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Civilians died in large numbers.

Q.44. what was the effect of Vietnam War in the U.S.A.?
Ans:
  • The effect of the war was felt within the US as well.
  • Many were critical of the government for getting involved in a war that they saw as indefensible.
  • When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread.
  • Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates.
  • This meant that many of those sent to fight did not belong to the privileged elite but were minorities and children of working-class families.
  • The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as well as criticizing the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war, such as John Wayne’s Green Berets

Q.45. what led to the entry of U.S.A. in Vietnam War? What was its effect?
Ans:
  • The war grew out of a fear among US policy-planners that the victory of the Ho Chi Minh government would start a domino effect
  • Communist governments would be established in other countries in the area.
  • They underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action, inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and fight for independence.
  • They underestimated the power of a small country to fight the most technologically advanced country in the world.

Q.46. what was Napalm?
Ans:
Napalm was an organic compound used to thicken gasoline for firebombs. The mixture burns slowly and when it comes in contact with surfaces like the human body, it sticks and continues to burn. Developed in the US, it was used in the Second World War. Despite an international outcry, it was used in Vietnam.

Q.47. write a short note on Ho Chi Minh trail.
Ans:
  • The story of the Ho Chi Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the US.
  • It symbolizes how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage.
  • The trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south.
  • The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women.
  • These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs, or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.
  • Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighboring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnam.
  • The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly.

Q.48. Discuss the role of women in Vietnam.
Ans:
  • Women in Vietnam traditionally enjoyed greater equality than in China, particularly among the lower classes, but they had only limited freedom to determine their future and played no role in public life.
  • As the nationalist movement grew, the status of women came to be questioned and a new image of womanhood emerged.
  • Writers and political thinkers began idealizing women who rebelled against social norms.
  • In the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh caused a scandal because it showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying someone of her choice, someone who was involved in nationalist politics.
  • This rebellion against social conventions marked the arrival of the new woman in Vietnamese society.

Q.49. How was rebel women glorified in Vietnam?
Ans:
  • Rebel women of the past were celebrated.
  • In 1913, the nationalist Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE.
  • He depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese.
  • After Phan’s play the Trung sisters came to be idealized and glorified.
  • They were depicted in paintings, plays and novels as representing the indomitable will and the intense patriotism of the Vietnamese.
  • Other women rebels of the past were part of the popular nationalist lore. One of the most venerated was Trieu Au who lived in the third century CE.
  • Orphaned in childhood, she lived with her brother. On growing up she left home, went into the jungles, organized a large army and resisted Chinese rule.
  • Finally, when her army was crushed, she drowned herself. She became a sacred figure, not just a martyr who fought for the honour of the country.
  • Nationalists popularized her image to inspire people to action.

Q.50. How did women help in the Vietnam War?
Ans:
  • Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers:
  • They were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other.
  • Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.
  • As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged to join the struggle in larger numbers.
  • Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy.
  • Along the Ho Chi Minh trail young volunteers kept open 2,195 km of strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points.
  • They built six airstrips, neutralized tens of thousands of bombs, transported tens of thousands of kilograms of cargo, weapons and food and shot down fifteen planes.
  • Between 1965 and 1975, of the 17,000 youth who worked on the trail, 70 to 80 per cent were women.
  • One military historian argues that there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.

Q.51. when did the war between Vietnam and U.S. end?
Ans:
A peace settlement was signed in Paris in January 1974. This ended conflict with the US but fighting between the Saigon regime and the NLF continued. The NLF occupied the presidential palace in Saigon on 30 April 1975 and unified Vietnam.

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Write a note on what was meant by the ‘civilising mission’ of the colonisers.
Ans. Unlike other colonisers, the French colonisers did not only aim for economic exploitation of their colonies. The French colonising mission was also driven by the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. Just as the British had done in India, the French claimed that they would introduce modern, civilised life to the Vietnamese. The French believed that like all the Europeans it was their duty to civilise the colonies even if this meant destruction of local cultures, religion and traditions.
Q.2. Explain the following —
(a) Only one-thirds of the students in Vietnam would pass the school level examinations.
(b) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.
(c) The Government made the Saigon Native Girls School take back the students it had expelled.
(d) Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi.
Ans. (a) Just about one-thirds of the students in Vietnam would pass the school examinations. This happened mainly as a well-planned policy was followed to fail the final year students. This meant they could never qualify for the white collar jobs. On an average 2/3rd of the students were failed.
(b) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta. They did this to gain increase in cultivation especially of the rice crop. By doing this, they would be able to sell rice in the international market and earn a lot of money.
(c) At Saigon Native Girls the School, a problem came up in 1926. A Vietnamese girl refused to vacate her front seat for a local French student. For this, she and later her supporting students were expelled from the school. Soon the agitation spread and protests began.
When the situation became pretty serious the French government forced the school authorities to reinstate the girls in the school.
(d) The French wanted to modernise Vietnam. They modernised a part of Hanoi city with beautiful architecture and clean, wide roads. They planned a good sewage system for the area. But the other part of Hanoi was filthy and unattended to. The rats from the filthy areas soon reached the clean part of the city through sewage systems and soon modern Hanoi was suffering from rats everywhere and the accompanying plague.

Q.3. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin Free School. To what extent is it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam?
Ans. Like other colonisers, the French also thought that they were on a civilising mission. Thus the Tonkin Free School was opened to give Western education. The school taught science, hygiene and French, other than the common subjects. For these three subjects the students had to attend evening classes and also pay separately. The students were not only made to attend these classes but they were asked to sport modern looks too. A typical example of this was that Vietnamese were asked to cut off their long hair and adopt a short hair cut which was absolutely against their culture.

Q.4. What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau?
Ans. The objectives of the two nationalists, Phan Chu Trinh and Phan Boi Chau, were different from each other.
Phan Chu Trinh (1871 – 1926) did not want to resist the French with  the aid of monarchy. He was influenced by the Western idea of democracy and wanted to set up a democratic republic of Vietnam.
Phan Boi Chau (1867 – 1940) went on to form a revolutionary society with Prince Cuong De. So we can say that Phan Boi Chau favoured monarchy and Phan Chu Trinh favoured a republic.

Q.5. With reference to what you have read in this chapter, discuss the influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life.
Ans. China was a large and close neighbour of Vietnam. It was obvious that the former would influence the latter. There were strong trade links due to sea trade as all trade between any part of Asia and China had to pass through Vietnamese ports. The two countries shared the same religious beliefs, namely Buddhism and Confucianism. The ideas spread by Confucius, a great Chinese thinker, religious leader and philosopher had deeply influenced the social and cultural aspects of Vietnam.
When the trans-Indo-China rail and road network developed, the imperialist power wanted it as a link between North and South Vietnam and China. This brought the countries even more close. They were under imperialist rules for long making them share cultural, religious, historical and economic commoners.

Q.6. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam?
Ans. Religion had always played a pivotal role in the lives of people in Vietnam. This fact was used well by the imperialists to aid in their control over the colonies. Thinking this, the imperialists imposed their religion on the Vietnamese locals. Thus anti-imperialist feelings arose in Vietnam against the French imperialist forces. Vietnam followed Buddhism and Confucianism.
The French wanted to convert the Vietnamese to Christianity. The Vietnamese revolted against this French intention in 1868. This revolt was called the ‘Scholars Revolt’, which was followed by the killing of about one thousand Catholics. Huynh Phu So began a movement called Hoa Hao, but he was declared mad by the French. Followers of Huynh Phu So were sent to concentration camps. All those actions of French could still not suppress nationalism in Vietnam.

Q.7. Explain the causes of US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this involvement have on life within the US itself?
Ans. The struggle for freedom by Vietnamese people was a long-drawn one. They faced the French, the Japanese and the USA. Many causes led the US to get involved in the Vietnam war. The US government was afraid that communism would find a stronghold in Vietnam. The US feared this would endanger the other capitalist countries. With these thoughts, the US was always ready to fight communist strongholds in any part of the world. The rise of communism in Vietnam was seen as a threat and US stepped in to intervene.
France had been facing insulting revolts from Vietnam. France being a capitalist country, the US felt it had to step in to save French honour, as one of the capitalist brethren. Moreover, the French had been an ally of US in the Second World War.

Q.8. Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of view of a
(a) porter on the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
Ans. From 1965 to 1972, the US-Vietnam War continued and caused losses to both US and Vietnam.
The Vietnamese people suffered human and property losses, yet they never stopped their struggle for freedom. Here it is important to mention the role played by the porters in getting freedom and unity of Vietnam. The porters set out without fear on the Ho Chi Minh Trail which was a great expansive network of roads and footpaths. The heroic porters carried as much as 25 kg to 70 kg of weight on their backs or bicycles. They did not fear that they might fall over in the deep valleys. They bravely walked on the narrow, dangerous roads that marked the treacherous routes. They also did not feel afraid of being shot down by aircraft guns. They put all their fears aside and walked on to maintain the supply line. This fact showed that the porters were heroic and patriotic.
(b) a woman soldier.

Ans. The Vietnamese women played an important role in the US-Vietnam War. They were both warriors and workers. As warriors and soldiers, the Vietnamese women constructed six air strips, they neutralised thousands of bombs and went on to shoot down fifteen planes. There were 1.5 million Vietnamese women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams. The women workers were also engaged as porters, nurses and construction workers.

Q.9.What was the role of women in the anti-imperialist struggle in Vietnam? Compare this
with the role of women in the national struggle in India. [Textual Question]
Ans. We have read that Vietnamese women contributed to the resistance movement as workers as
well as warriors. They were employed as porters carrying 25 kg of food and war materials on
their delicate backs.
They served as nurses to the wounded. They even went on to dig tunnels so that the imperialist
attacks could be thwarted by hiding Vietnamese army in the tunnels. They worked bravely to
neutralise thousands of bombs and shooting down the enemy planes. Nearly 1.5 million women
workers were in the army. They helped in keeping strategic roads clear and even guarded the
key points. It is difficult to imagine the state of the Vietnamese freedom struggle with the
active role of Vietnamese women.
Women in Vietnam showed same valour and patriotism as Indian women had shown during
India’s freedom struggle. Aruna Asaf Ali, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Indira Gandhi, Rani
Lakshmibai — all had contributed in their own way to the freedom struggle of India. In
Nagaland, 13-years-old Rani Gaidiliu stood up in revolt against the British forces. She was
caught and imprisoned for life in 1932. She spent the years 1932 to 1947 in dark cells of
various jails in Assam. She was freed in 1947 when India gained freedom.





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